The Painted and Gilt 7th century Box is Finished

More than seven years ago, I began working on my "7th Century Box" project. At the time, I had no idea that it would be this long in the making, but this past week, it finally got "finished". Actually, it really is not finished yet, because it still wants hinges, a handle, a lock and some textile lining.

 

 

The finished front (minus a lock)

 

 

The main reason for making this box, besides that I wanted to, was to demonstrate the potential decorative qualities of  objects from a time when so few are available; and to show that the world was not as drab bleak and crude as what people are want to portray it, through their own cultural ignorance and biases. 

To be sure, this was no "ordinary" man's chest, but it is something that could have existed, and if it did, it would look, when new, just as this does; every aspect of it was crafted with tools and techniques available in the 7th century. In this post, I shall tell a bit of how I came to decorate it as I did and the thought process behind those choices.

 

I already revealed my sources of inspiration for the design in previous posts on the topic, like this first one, from September of 2018 (When I had already been working on it for nearly a year) so there is no point to repeat myself here.

 

 

 

Mosaic of Saint'Apollonair in Classe, Ravenna

 

 

The mosaic shown above was created in the sixth century, so would have been roughly one hundred years old by the time of our box, yet it shows the beginnings of the stylisation of the trees, as they appear on our box. This artwork would doubtlessly have influenced later generations, as it was on view throughout the entire span of the "Middle Ages".

In decorating this box, the overall colour theme was inspired by a couple frescoes and an "illuminated manuscript" page, all from our target period of "the 7th century". The colours, or "pallet" I chose mostly came from this manuscript. Different colours were available in different regions and according to one's budget. The type of painting that one was doing could also affect the colours that one had to work with. Some colours were available for books, but not for walls or furnishings, whilst other colours were available for any type of surface. It was those sorts of colours that I chose for this box. All of them, save the blue and black, which comes from woad and charcoal, respectively, began as ground up minerals (stones),

 

 

From the Codex Amiatinus comes several inspirations, including colours

A good source of information on horse trappings came from this fresco

Two wall paintings that lent a lot of information to this project came from 7th century fragments preserved in Santa Maria, Antiqua, in Rome. Seeing this equestrian painting, in particular, helped a great deal in better understanding where the original carver was coming from with his design, which I mostly followed, for the front panel.The harness and the saddle are the same, and the pose of the horse seems to be similar to my left-most horse. It even gave inspiration for the decoration of the rider's hose and shoes.

 

View of the front of the lid with birds

The back, with small birds and a "textile, design on the lid

 

 

Birds were a very common early mediaeval theme in the arts; since I love them as well, it was natural to incorporate them into my box.  The method of colouring them was informed by several illuminated manuscripts, of which I have included a couple pages, below. 

Birds in 7th century art

More birds and ornamental details, Note their multi-coloured nature

Details showing multi-coloured strap-work and banding

 

Speaking of colour, a series of surviving pages from the so-called "Stockholm Codex Aureus" (Early 8th century) was my main inspiration for how to go about colouring the main back panel. The above picture is a compressed view of part of two sides of an arch used as a "Eusebian Cannon Table" in the manuscript. The colours, as well as the black background where what I took away from this. 

 

 

7th century linen and wool textile with roundel motif

Since we are discussing the back, I might as well end that topic by mentioning that from the moments I saw the original carved marble slab that inspired the back of the lid, I always understood that to represent textile. There are many preserved fragments of 7th century textiles, from Egypt as well as sources along the "Silk Road" which show this basic repeat "roundel" pattern, so it was to imitate this type of fabric that I coloured it. I had a 9th century illuminated manuscript page in mind, which gave me the idea of the purple and gold, but purple was, since the Roman times, a sign of wealth, so there is no reason to think that one would not have used such a colour for this purpose. In fact, there are several surviving 7th century Sogdian silk fragments in Museums around the world, done with purple. 

Back and right-hand end

Right lid end with lions; an ever present theme as well

7th century buckle with "Daniel Among the Lions"

Right end detail

Another painting from Santa Maria Antigua in Rome

 

In 9th century illuminated manuscripts, there are many versions of overlapping circles with gradient colours, and I had seen several 7th and early 8th as well as a 6th century examples of other shapes showing the same gradient theme, (See the above manuscript from which I drew inspiration for the colours) but I was not able to find a 7th century one specifically with overlapping circles. I really expected that they would have used such a motif because it seemed to be such a popular mode of ornamentation, but I searched for a long time to find something to support my hunch. I did eventually find evidence in the fresco, shown above; some of the paint has worn off, so the gradient effect has been partially lost, but it definitely shows the concept.  Of all of the carved elements on this box, this is the one that I am the most confident in how it would have been painted in the target century. 

 

 

Left end

In the unfinished carving, it was the left end I liked best, thus I put it together this way, because I like to "read" a piece of furniture from the left corner, but after the painting, I really loved the right end, and wished I had put the thing together differently. This end panel works well with the lions above, though, and it all works well as a complete piece. I really had nothing much to go on, for the painting of this animal, other than a couple illustrations of lions and imaginary creatures, which this is. All are mostly painted in single colours, with outlines accents, as I have done here.
 

 

Gilded arcade detail on the front of the box

Gold-plated 7th century bronze medallion

Detail of a 7th century gold-foil votive cross

 

Another thing that was very clear to me, when starting on this project, was how similar the surviving carvings of the period were to metalwork, which the semi-nomadic Germanic tribes had been famous for for centuries. As this was their preferred manner of ornamentation, it is no wonder that other types of decoration would resemble and imitate that form. I also suspect that originally, a lot of the carved interior stonework would have been gilded much as I have done with this box. Once the gilding is on, it really does looks just like metalwork. In the 7th century writings, concerning St Eligius, we are informed of the practice of gilding stone altars, specifically.

 

Some people might think that this box is too elaborate and sophisticated for the 7th century, but I again repeat that that is only because we have been brainwashed into supposing the people of that time to be simple rustics living in squalor and gloom. Below, I share a couple of actual 7th century caskets that have survived to our present age; by these, you can see that my box is less involved than they are. More "man-hours" would have been spent to make these than what I spent on my box.

 

7th century Reliquary; missing many of its jewels

Another 7th century reliquary

 

Should you still be skeptical, because these are metal, not wood, I will say that actually, the first one, above is wood, and has been carved out to accommodate the metal inlay, (no mean feat, for sure) but there are other examples of fine wood carving from the 7th century as well. Here is a door from a painted cupboard Someone has sawn the eagles off, perhaps to apply as decoration to something else? Were they gilded? It is hard to say. The book cover is leather, but someone had to carve the form into which it was pressed, to create the design, so that counts, as well.

 

 

 

Cover of St Cuthbert's personal gospel book

cupboard door from the "6th or 7th century"

Some readers might note the mixture of Roman influences with that of the "migration" art of this box. This is no accident. First of all, the original carvings from which I drew inspiration also had this mixture, such as the classical columns on the ends of migration-style sarcophagi. This blending of styles was the beginning of "European art", and is exhibited in many branches of the arts, such as this 7th century illuminated manuscript page, below.

 

 

A blending of Roman and Germanic art styles

Note, also the gradient colours (red and blue), that I mentioned earlier. It would take several hundred more years for European art to fully homoginise into itself, but it never stopped looking back to Roman models, contrary to the commonly held notion of "rediscovering" it in the renaissance.

 

Videre Scire

 

 

 

 

A Nice Commission

Last summer, I got a commission from St Dominic's Church in Washington DC, to carve the Four Evangelist symbols for the reredos in the church. Of course I was delighted, since this is "right up my alley", when it comes to medieval art. This gave me an opportunity to make something in the medieval style which as regular followers will know, is my true passion. As a starting point, I chose an 11th century image for St Mark, the lion, which is part of a silver and jeweled book cover. I then designed the other three characters to follow the same format, relying on other 10th and 11th century work to guide me. Father Schommer, of the church, allowed me complete freedom in my design. Our only discussion was that they would be gilded and have the backgrounds painted in. Of course, the size was determined by the placement of the roundels.

What follows are some pictures of the project as it unfolded.

I started with St Mark, as I had an image from a 11thc book cover

 

 

 The lion is also my sign, so I have a special affinity towards it

Nearly finished

The source of inspiration

One down, three to go.

St Luke follows Marc in the order

The carving well under way

And finished

Next was St John

This was my primary source of inspiration 10thc Ivory

 

One challenge to the design for St John was following the same format with one appendage holding the end of the scroll and another holding down the other end, but leaving some space. Anatomically, it did not work for his other foot to be in a similar position to what Mark and Luke had, so I came up with the idea of the wing tip holding down the other end; it works.

St Mathew, working out the design

 

 

The design for Mathew held even more challenges. I had thought that I would just follow another St Mathew that I had carved many years ago, but that did not work because his hands could not hold the scroll.

 

St Mathew and his symbol, Unfinished carving from 1998

 

 

I wanted to have him holding the scroll stretched out between his hands, but that left his centre open and did not work, also it did not have the feel of 10th or 11th century art to it. I finally thought of having one hand hold one end, and the other end "held" in his wing. It works, so I went with it.

 

 

this one needed a new plank of timber, as the other one was full

finished carving and ready for cutting out

the other three, all together and ready to cut out as well

After cutting them all out, which I never took a picture of, the next step was to prepare them all for gilding. This is done with several layers of gesso and red bole

 

Scraping the bole on St Johan

 

 

To give the carvings more of an authentic medieval look, I used a scraper and scraped the bole down, as opposed to sanding it. The results were much better even if it took much longer to do.

 

 

All ready for gilding

Genuine 23 karat "red gold" was used for the gilding.

Gilded, painted, lettered and ready to go

So small one can hardly see them, but they add a nice touch

Close-up of the left side

Close-up of the right side

Videre Scire

Chipping Away

A year and three months ago (almost) I did a post on my theories concerning the making of a roof-shaped box or chest lid out of a solid log section. I had hardly had time to touch it after that until October, when I decided that I really wanted to get back into one of my medieval projects; it had been so long since I worked on any of them. (I have several underway thanks to my ADD - most of which have been featured at one or more points in this blog.) After finishing the painting of the moulding that I had been working on, I had almost a week before the installation was scheduled, so took advantage of the time to take up the lid project again.

The lid as it was in September of 2018

Once I got started on it again, it was easier to pick up a carving gouge and have a go at it at any moment I could spare, thus, about two weeks ago it was mostly finished. I have even begun the box itself, but that will also take quite a while, as it will be carved to the same level as the lid. Sadly, I did not have any more of the ash, so I will be making the box out of walnut.

Bellow are some pictures of the lid as it is at the present; two years after it got started.

Second end

Back side. This is a "textile pattern" made to represent woven cloth

Current view of the first end and front

The winter light is not very ideal for photographing anything, but that is what we have to deal with right now. Bears are much smarter than humans, they go to sleep and wait for spring.

Carving the back was somewhat amusing, because I chose a "simple" design. Many surviving 12th century boxes have simpler and/or textile designs either painted or carved on the back, and all of the early medieval boxes I know of, have simpler designs to their backs. Using that information and a lovely 7th century textile pattern, carved in stone and now found in the museum in Metz, I came up with a pattern for my lid. The amusing bit is that it may look simple, but the time to carve it was no less, and perhaps actually wound up being more, than the design on the front.

Inspiration for the rear of the lid

And as it turned out after carving

The designs for this project are taken from surviving 7th century Merovingian or Lombardisch stone carving. Some of the patterns are also echoed in metal and ivory-work of the same time period, which leads me to believe that had any wooden box survived from the same time period, it well could have had similar designs carved onto it, and thus my lid is a faithful reproduction of the possibilities of the time-period.

This lion was the main source
for my lions; adapted to the
carving style I am using

Additional designs and sources for border decorations/
All of my border designs were taken from 7th century sources

I had begun this side in December of 2017 and in September '18 when I posted
about it for the first time I had done some more. More than half , however, was
done this October. Even areas which had been "finished" were re-done because
the grounding (background area) was not deep enough. The darker areas
are still from my original efforts of two years ago.

European areas which had been occupied by Roman civilisation still retained many of the "classical" design elements in the 7th century. These styles were actually never completely eliminated and show up to more or lesser degrees until the Renaissance, when there was another deliberate attempt at wholesale imitate the art of classical Rome. (there had been at least two prior efforts at this, in the 9th and the end of the 10th/beginning of the 11th centuries) Most of the designs for this lid have some connection towards that Roman tradition, as did the stone reliefs from which I sourced the designs, however, as with a lot of my original source material, there were also "Migration People's" design elements interspersed. Such is the case with the "Flechtwerk" or woven band on the top of the lid.

Flechtwerk, "Woven-band" ornament on the flat top of the lid

As I said, the box itself has been started and here is a sneak-peek at one of the legs. Again, In Italy, France, and much of Eastern Germany, the 7th century still much more resembled Roman society than it resembled the arts architecture, culture, and styles of modern people's general conception of "medieval" Europe. (which is mostly that of the 13-15th centuries) Thus this leg is right in keeping with that fading classicism that would have prevailed in much of 7th century Europe.  

One of the legs, taken from a
7th century stone sarcophagus
found in France
(there are actually several
similar designs, not just a
single example)